ABSTRACT
This work describes an electrochemical sensor for the fast noninvasive detection of uric acid (UA) in saliva. The sensing material was based on a cobalt-containing Prussian blue analogue (Na2-xCo[Fe(CN)6]1-y, PCF). By optimizing the ratio of Co and Fe as 1.5 : 1 in PCF (PCF1.5,0), particles with a regular nanocubic morphology were formed. The calcination of PCF1.5,0 produced a carbon-coated CoFe alloy (CCF1.5), which possessed abundant defects and achieved an excellent electrochemical performance. Subsequently, CCF1.5 was modified on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to fabricate the electrochemical sensor, CCF1.5/SPCE, which showed a sensitive and selective response toward salivary UA owing to its good conductivity, sufficient surface active sites and efficient catalytic activity. The determination of UA in artificial saliva achieved the wide linear range of 40 nM-30 µM and the low limit of detection (LOD) of 15.3 nM (3σ/s of 3). The performances of the sensor including its reproducibility, stability and selectivity were estimated to be satisfactory. The content of UA in human saliva was determined and the recovery was in the range of 98-107% and the total RSD was 4.14%. The results confirmed the reliability of CCF1.5/SPCE for application in noninvasive detection.
Subject(s)
Alloys , Carbon , Cobalt , Electrochemical Techniques , Ferrocyanides , Uric Acid , Uric Acid/chemistry , Uric Acid/analysis , Ferrocyanides/chemistry , Cobalt/chemistry , Carbon/chemistry , Humans , Electrochemical Techniques/methods , Alloys/chemistry , Iron/chemistry , Limit of Detection , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Saliva/chemistry , Reproducibility of Results , ElectrodesABSTRACT
A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with graphite powder (G/GCE), and then treated with a solution of sodium peroxide for several minutes to prepare an oxidized G/GCE (OG/GCE). The OG/GCE has prominently improved responses toward dopamine (DA), rutin (RT) and acetamidophenol (APAP), of which the anodic peak current was increased by 2.4, 4.0 and 2.6 fold compared with that obtained using the G/GCE. The redox peaks of DA, RT and APAP on the OG/GCE could be separated sufficiently. The corresponding redox processes were confirmed as diffusion-controlled and parameters such as the charge transfer coefficients (α), saturating adsorption capacity (Γ*) and catalytic rate constant (kcat) were estimated. In individual detection, the linear ranges for DA, RT and APAP were 10 nM-10 µM, 1.00 nM-150 nM and 20 nM-30 µM, respectively, and the LODs for DA, RT and APAP were estimated as 6.23 nM, 0.36 nM and 13.1 nM with 3σ/S, respectively. The contents of RT and APAP in drugs were determined and agreed with the labeled contents. The recoveries of DA in serum and sweat were in the range of 91-107%, indicating that the determination results achieved by the OG/GCE are reliable. The practical use of the method was verified with a graphite-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (G/SPCE), which was also activated by Na2O2 to prepare OG/SPCE. The recovery of DA in sweat achieved using the OG/SPCE was 91.26%.
